Dual targeting of TGF-ß and PD-L1 inhibits tumor growth in TGF-ß/PD-L1-driven colorectal carcinoma

Immunosuppressive factors within the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ss), constitute a crucial hindrance to immunotherapeutic approaches in colorectal cancer (CRC). Furthermore, immune checkpoint factors (e.g., programmed death-ligand 1 [PD-L1]) inhibit T-cell proliferation and activation. To cope with the inhibitory effect of immune checkpoints, the therapeutic value of dual targeting PDL1 and TGF-ss pathways via M7824 plus 5-FU in CRC has been evaluated. Integrative-systems biology approaches and RNAseq were used to assess the differential level of genes associated with 88 metastatic-CRC patients. The level of PD-L1 and TGF-ss was evaluated in a validation cohort. The anti-proliferative, migratory, and apoptotic effects of PD-L1/TGF-ss inhibitor, M7824, were assessed by MTT, wound-healing assay, and flow cytometry. Antitumor activity was assessed in a xenograft model, followed by biochemical studies and histological staining, and gene/protein expression analyses by RT-PCR and ELISA/IHC. The result of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis showed 1268 upregulated and 1074 downregulated genes in CRC patients. Among the highest scoring genes and dysregulated pathways associated with CRC, PD-L1, and TGF- ss were identified and further validated in 92 CRC patients. Targeting of PD-L1-TGF- ss inhibited cell growth and migration, associated with modulation of CyclinD1 and MMP9. Furthermore, M7824 inhibited tumor growth via targeting TGF-ss and PD-L1 pathways, resulting in modulation of inflammatory response and fibrosis via TNF-alpha/IL6/CD4-8 and COL1A1/1A2, respectively. In conclusion, our data illustrated that co-targeting PD-L1 and TGF-ss pathways increased the effect of Fluorouracil (5-FU) and reduced the tumor growth in PD-L1/TGF-ss expressing tumors, providing a new therapeutic option in the treatment of CRC.