Climate change adaptation trends among Indigenous peoples: a systematic review of the empirical research focus over the last 2 decades

Over the past 20 years, an increasing number of empirical research conducted aims to understand climate change adaptation among Indigenous groups. Despite the increased scholarly interest, a comprehensive understanding of empirical adaptation research trends across various continents and disciplines is noticeably absent from the literature. Thus, this article systematically assesses the state of empirical adaptation literature involving Indigenous peoples globally. Using Scopus and the Web of Science, we analyzed 140 peer-reviewed journal articles, identifying two main trends-research attributes and themes of adaptation. Research attributes identified include publication year, research location, and methods. Our results show that studies are increasing in number each year, primarily in Africa, Asia, and North America, and primarily use qualitative methods. Synthesizing research attributes informs how scholars engage with adaptation research involving Indigenous peoples. Thematic analysis results show that articles mainly focused on four themes of adaptation, including adaptation strategies, drivers, barriers, and adaptation process approaches. The most prominent sub-theme of adaptation strategies was agricultural practices, adaptation drivers were Indigenous knowledge and traditions, and adaptation barriers were governance barriers. Adaptation process approaches sub-themes included holistic approaches to adaptation, local collaboration, and knowledge integration in adaptation. Identifying themes of adaptation contributes to the body of knowledge and practical application by informing adaptation plans, investment, and policy. This analysis points to the need for: (1) researchers to conduct additional studies in the Pacific Islands and Central and South America, where increased vulnerability emphasizes the importance of adaptation; (2) researchers to expand sectors included in studies, such as health and cultural adaptation; (3) researchers and practitioners to employ participatory methods; and (4) researchers and practitioners to situate adaptation in the context of colonization.