Progress in the numerical modeling of mantle plumes

The mantle plume model, as an integral part of the Earth's internal convection system, is complementary to the theory of plate tectonics. They together constitute the key configuration of material circulation and energy transport in the Earth's interior. Seismology, high-temperature and high-pressure mineralogy, geology, and geodynamic numerical modeling have conducted comprehensive studies on the mantle plume model since it was proposed. In particular, numerical simulation, which investigates the dynamic processes of mantle plumes by establishing a theoretical model, provides a quantitative description of possible mantle plume evolution and the responses of the Earth's interior and surface, which can be used to explain observations and experimental results from other disciplines. Thus, it is one of the most important means to study plume dynamics. This paper summarizes the research progress in numerical modeling of mantle plumes in past decades, including the origin of mantle plumes, seismological evidence for the existence of plumes, interactions between mantle plumes and the lithosphere, mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones, and the mantle transition zone, as well as the relationship between plumes and large low shear wave velocity provinces. The theoretical results of numerical modeling combined with observations from other disciplines enable us to deeply understand the dynamic process of mantle plumes. With the continuing development of numerical methodology and the improvement of high-performance computing, geodynamic numerical modeling will become a more accurate and efficient approach for studying mantle plume dynamics and related frontier problems in geosciences.