The research challenges in security and safeguards for nuclear fission batteries

This paper discusses the nuclear security and safeguards research challenges presented by the development and deployment of nuclear fission batteries. These are defined as easily transportable and deployable nuclear systems which are designed to operate either unattended or autonomously. We start by defining the current landscape of domestic and international safeguards and security and discuss how it can be affected by the introduction of these new nuclear systems. We then specifically discuss the technology gaps and technologies to be developed to facilitate their practical deployment. The discussion is based on a commentary of experts' inputs collected during a workshop held as a part of the fission battery initiative. A commentary of experts' inputs discussing issues and gaps related to security and safeguards of fission batteries is provided. This input is categorized using qualitative coding of the text of the commentary of the experts' inputs but without modifying the basic content. From there we find that, as expected, we can leverage conclusions from existing security and safeguards studies for small modular rectors and develop bespoke target set analyses to inform security postures based on probabilistic risk assessment. We find also that specific fission battery security economic analysis tools are needed and security by design must be applied early. However, the most important finding is that these new systems will require a new comprehensive set of cyber tools covering transportation, installation, operation, maintenance security of the fission battery systems. Overall, we find that the development of the necessary security and safeguards requirements at the design phase of such a technology will be of great benefit in the smooth deployment of this modern nuclear energy system.