Application of and Prospects for 3-Dimensional Printing in Transcatheter Mitral Valve Interventions

Mitral valve (MV) disease is one of the most common valvular diseases that endangers health status. A variety of catheter-based in-terventions have been developed to treat MV disease. The special anatomical structures of the MV complex increase the difficulty of interventional surgery, and the incidence of perioperative complications remains high. With the continuous development of cardiovascu-lar 3-dimensional (3D) printing technology and of multidisciplinary cooperation, 3D printing for transcatheter mitral valve interventions (TMVI) has become a revolutionary technology to promote innovation and improve the success rate. Patient-specific 3D printed models have been used in measuring sizes and predicting perioperative complications before TMVI. By simulating a bench test and using multi -material printing, surgeons may learn how the device interacts with the specific anatomical structures of the MV. This review summarizes relevant cutting-edge publications in this field and illustrates the application of 3D printing in TMVI with examples. In addition, we dis-cuss the limitations and future directions of 3D printing in TMVI. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol Registration System (NCT02917980).