Aerosolized Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Bloom Toxins: Microcystin Congeners Quantified in the Atmosphere

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cHABs) have the potential to adversely affect public health through the production of toxins such as microcystins, which consist of numerous molecularly distinct congeners. Microcystins have been observed in the atmosphere after emission from freshwater lakes, but little is known about the health effects of inhaling microcystins and the factors contributing to microcystin aerosolization. This study quantified total microcystin concentrations in water and aerosol samples collected around Grand Lake St. Marys (GLSM), Ohio. Microcystin concentrations in water samples collected on the same day ranged from 13 to 23 mu g/L, dominated by the d-Asp(3)-MC-RR congener. In particulate matter <2.5 mu m (PM2.5), microcystin concentrations up to 156 pg/m(3) were detected; the microcystins were composed primarily of d-Asp(3)-MC-RR, with additional congeners (d-Asp(3)-MC-HtyR and d-Asp(3)-MC-LR) observed in a sample collected prior to a storm event. The PM size fraction containing the highest aerosolized MC concentration ranged from 0.44 to 2.5 mu m. Analysis of total bacteria by qPCR targeting 16S rDNA revealed concentrations up to 9.4 x 10(4) gc/m(3) in aerosol samples (<= 3 mu m), while a marker specific to cyanobacteria was not detected in any aerosol samples. Concentrations of aerosolized microcystins varied even when concentrations in water were relatively constant, demonstrating the importance of meteorological conditions (wind speed and direction) and aerosol generation mechanism(s) (wave breaking, spillway, and aeration systems) when evaluating inhalation exposure to microcystins and subsequent impacts on human health.