Physiological and degenerative loading of bovine intervertebral disc in a bioreactor: A finite element study of complex motions

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and regenerative therapies are commonly studied in organ-culture ex-periments with uniaxial compressive loading. Recently, in our laboratory, we established a bioreactor system capable of applying loads in six degrees-of-freedom (DOF) to bovine IVDs, which replicates more closely the complex multi-axial loading of the IVD in vivo. However, the magnitudes of loading that are physiological (able to maintain cell viability) or mechanically degenerative are unknown for load cases combining several DOFs. This study aimed to establish physiological and degenerative levels of maximum principal strains and stresses in the bovine IVD tissue and to investigate how they are achieved under complex load cases related to common daily activities.The physiological and degenerative levels of maximum principal strains and stresses were determined via finite element (FE) analysis of bovine IVD subjected to experimentally established physiological and degenera-tive compressive loading protocols. Then, complex load cases, such as a combination of compression + flexion + torsion, were applied on the FE-model with increasing magnitudes of loading to discover when physiological and degenerative tissue strains and stresses were reached.When applying 0.1 MPa of compression and +/- 2-3 degrees of flexion and +/- 1-2 degrees of torsion the investigated me-chanical parameters remained at physiological levels, but with +/- 6-8 degrees of flexion in combination with +/- 2-4 degrees of torsion, the stresses in the outer annulus fibrosus (OAF) exceeded degenerative levels.In the case of compression + flexion + torsion, the mechanical degeneration likely initiates at the OAF when loading magnitudes are high enough. The physiological and degenerative magnitudes can be used as guidelines for bioreactor experiments with bovine IVDs.