Cybersecurity Challenges in Electric Vehicles: An initial literature review and research agenda

The automobile industry is experiencing a drastic transformation due to the implementation of digital strategies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), wireless and satellite sensor networks, data-driven solutions, and others across a vehicle life cycle. The implementation of cyber-physical systems (CPS) such as electric vehicles (EVs) into the transportation networks brings multiple positive impacts on society, the environment, and a country's economy. As technology evolves and increases its incorporation into humans, cyber-physical systems become more complex-and electric vehicles are no exception. The 'next-generation' fleet of vehicles is bringing new features such as autonomous driving, charging methods, and regenerative braking mechanisms. Although EVs positively impact society, they also introduce a series of risks and challenges. Modern vehicles will be connected to the internet permanently, which means they will be prone to cyberattacks that can potentially target either the system itself or the consumer's personal data, which can result in catastrophic events. This paper presents a review of recent literature on cyber challenges, risks, and threats modern electric vehicles face and proposes a research framework to direct academics and practitioners to address gaps in the implementation of EVs into existing and future transportation networks.