Increase of cannabis and cocaine use by pregnant women in France from 2005 to 2018: Insights of the annual cross sectional OPPIDUM survey

Context. - Substance use disorders during pregnancy are associated with antenatal, neonatal and long-term adverse drug reactions in children. The aim of this study was to describe, using data from OPPIDUM survey, the evolution of illicit substance use or diverted prescription drug use among pregnant women visiting French addiction care centres from 2005 to 2018. Material and method. - The current study focused on women of childbearing age (15-44 years old) identified as pregnant, and included in the OPPIDUM survey from 2005 to 2018. OPPIDUM is a French nationwide survey repeated each year since 1995, which anonymously collects information on drug abuse and dependence observed in patients recruited in addiction care centres. Patterns of illicit substance use, psychoactive medications, and opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) were described over time (by period of 2 years) and changes between 2005-2006 and 2017-2018 were investigated. Results. - From 2005 to 2018, 784 pregnant women were included in the OPPIDUM survey (median age 28, interquartile range (IQR): 25-33). The proportion of women using exclusively cannabis (1.2% vs. 17.1%, P = 0.0004) and cocaine (including crack) use (4.7% vs. 14.3%, P = 0.0384) significantly increased over the period. Considering the first substance reported as leading to dependence, heroin significantly decreased (78.8% vs. 50.0%, P = 0.0002) whereas cannabis significantly increased (5.9% vs. 25.7%, P = 0.0005). Conclusion. - This study highlighted an important change of patterns of drug use by French pregnant women over a 14-year-period. Health professionals must be aware of these changes to adapt prevention and care among women of childbearing age and pregnant women. (c) 2022 Societe francaise de pharmacologie et de therapeutique. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.