Effect of Growth Hormone Receptor Deficiency on Androgen-Associated Gene Expression of Hepatic Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Drug Transporters in Pigs

Growth hormone receptor (GHR)-deficient pigs were generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to in-vestigate the involvement of GHR-mediated growth hormone (GH) signaling in androgen-associated gene expression of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and drug transporters. We initially confirmed that no wild-type GHR mRNA was present in GHR-/- (GHR-KO) pigs; in addition, as previously reported, those pigs exhibited decreases in body weight and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 concentration and an increase in serum GH concentration compared with the levels in GHR-/+ and GHR+/+ pigs with a wild-type GHR mRNA. The real-time RT-PCR results on the mRNA levels of hepatic DMEs and drug transporters in the GHR-KO pigs and the pigs with a wild-type GHR mRNA revealed that, among the examined hepatic DMEs, the mRNA levels of CYP1A2, CYP2A19, sulfotransferase (SULT) 1A1, and SULT2A1 were higher in GHR-KO pigs than in the pigs with a wild-type GHR mRNA, whereas the opposite trend was observed for the mRNA level of uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase 1A6. No such significant differences in the mRNA levels of three hepatic drug transporters including multidrug resistance protein 1 were observed. In addition, the mRNA level of hepatic cut-like homeobox 2 (CUX2), which is expressed in an androgen -depen-dent manner and associated with the hepatic mRNA expression of several DMEs, was significantly decreased in GHR-KO pigs. The present findings strongly suggest that not only serum androgen but also GHR-mediat-ed GH signaling contributes to the mRNA expression of several DMEs and CUX2, but not transporters, in the pig liver.