Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of P. roxburghii oleoresin essential oils extracted by steam distillation, superheated steam, and supercritical fluid CO2 extraction

Pinus roxburghii is a rich source of high-quality oleoresin that is composed of resin acids and essential oil (EO). The present research work was planned to study and compare the yield, biological activities, and chemical profiling of P. roxburghii oleoresin EOs extracted through various green extraction methods. Steam distillation (SD), supercritical fluid extraction, and superheated SD (SHSD) at different temperatures (120, 140, and 160 degrees C) were employed to extract EOs from P. roxburghii oleoresin. Antioxidant potential of EOs was determined by total antioxidant content/ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-free radical scavenging activity (DPPH-FRSA), hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays, and percentage inhibition in linoleic acid. Antimicrobial activity of EOs was determined by resazurin microtiter-plate, disc diffusion, and micro-dilution broth susceptibility assays. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the chemical composition of EOs. It was observed that extraction methods significantly affected the yield, biological activities, and chemical composition of EOs. The maximum yield (19.92%) was found in EO extracted by SHSD at 160 degrees C. EO extracted by SHSD at 120 degrees C showed the highest DPPH-FRSA (63.33% +/- 0.47%), linoleic acid oxidation inhibition (96.55% +/- 1.71%), hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (59.42% +/- 0.32%), and total antioxidant contents/FRAP (134.49% +/- 1.34 mg/L of gallic acid equivalent). The antimicrobial activity results showed that superheated steam-extracted EO of 120 degrees C revealed the highest antifungal and antibacterial activity. It is concluded that SHSD is an alternative and effective technique for the extraction of oleoresins EO that improves the EO yield and biological activities. Further research on optimization and experimental parameters for the extraction of P. roxburghii oleoresin EO by SHSD is required.