Repair of aromatic hydrocarbon-based membranes tested under accelerated fuel cell conditions

Hydrocarbon-based materials are of interest as next-generation proton exchange membranes (PEMs) for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). The biggest drawback of aromatic hydrocarbon PEMs is the presence of aromatic groups contained within the polymer, which make these materials susceptible to radical induced degradation reactions. In the fuel cell community antioxidant action is usually equated with scavenging of potent radicals, i.e. HO center dot, by various additives. In this work, however, we report on the repair of damaged membranes. This is tested by performing in situ accelerated stress tests at open circuit voltage with high H2 and O2 partial pressures. Membranes with aromatic sulfonate groups are synthesized as these are common constituents in hydrocarbonbased membranes. Two different approaches to incorporate the repair agent, cerium(III), are explored: 1) ionic bonding of Ce(III) to sulfonate groups and 2) covalent attachment through stable complexes of crown ether and Ce(III). We report that, during fuel cell operation, polymer degradation can be significantly reduced by Ce (III) when immobilized in the membrane. Ionic attachment did not yield in the desired repair effect as a result of cerium loss from the membrane.