Driving green transformation: Innovations and green innovations in natural resource markets

The worldwide desire for green development necessitates that China ' s accelerating economic expansion be supported by environmental conservation. The present research established a connection between Green Total Factor Energy Productivity (GTFEP), Economic Opening-up (EOU), Environmental Regulations (ER), Rent of Natural Resources (RNR), and Green Innovation (GI) in China from the vantage point of environmental improvement. This study analyzed the short- and long-run dynamics among significant components using annual data from 1990 to 2022 and a bound testing technique for the Auto-regressive Distributed Lag framework (ARDL) with an error-correcting framework. The Granger causality study proved unidirectional causation from independent factors to GTFEP, and the findings confirmed cointegration between GTFEP and all other variables. In conclusion, the results showed that EOU, ER, RNR, and GI were all effective on China ' s GTFEP throughout the long and short term. As a result, government initiatives need to prioritize openness, environmental control, and eco-friendly technological development.