Power system restoration with large renewable Penetration: State-of-the-Art and future trends

The catastrophic blackout events and ever-increasing penetration of renewable power generation highlight an advanced restoration strategy to effectively and reliably employ renewable power generation to contribute to renewable power system restoration. This paper reviews the research advances of power system restoration involving large renewable peneration, and the methods of handling renewable power uncertainty during restoration are also summarized. First, the transmission system restoration processes are divided into three sequential stages: a) black-start, b) network reconfiguration and c) load restoration, and the research advances of these three restoration stages involving large renewable generation are presented. Then, the distribution system restoration assisted by multiple flexible resources, such as renewable distributed generators, remotely-controlled switches, energy storage systems, and soft open points, are reviewed with emerging techniques, including microgrids, multi-agent systems, repair crews, and mobile power sources. Furthermore, with the growing activeness and flexibility of the distribution system, the coordinated transmission and distribution system restoration and their information interactions are also discussed. Finally, for practical applications, the laboratory validations of restoration strategies using realistic power grid data, real-world restoration strategies, decision support systems, and field tests of black-start procedures are introduced to complete this literature review. Effectively deploying renewable power sources can significantly improve the power system restoration efficiency, and their inherent uncertainty should be carefully handled. Moreover, promising research trends are provided to improve the power system restoration with large renewable penetration.