Climate, geopolitical, and energy market risk interconnectedness: Evidence from a new climate risk index

Using meteorological monitoring data from eight climate disasters across the globe along with financial data from the WTI and BNG energy markets, this study employs the fixed-base extreme difference entropy method to construct a climate risk index (CRI) and investigates the relationship between climate risk, geopolitical risk (GPR), and energy market risk based on the mixedfrequency VAR (MF-VAR) method. The empirical results show that an increase in both GPR and CRI is related to an increase in energy market risk, and that a higher CRI is associated with greater GPR. Moreover, the positive relationship between CRI scores and energy market risk after the Paris Agreement has grown stronger.