A smart sprayer for weed control in bermudagrass turf based on the herbicide weed control spectrum

Precision application of specific herbicides to susceptible weeds can significantly save herbicide. This is the first study evaluating the performances of precision sprayer for weed control in turf based on the herbicide weed control spectrum in field conditions. The results showed that EfficientNet-v2 and ResNet never fall below 0.992 for discriminating and detecting the grid cells encompassing weeds susceptible to ACCase-inhibiting and synthetic auxin herbicides. MCPA, a synthetic auxin herbicide, is used to evaluate the performance of the developed smart sprayer for precision control of broadleaf weeds in dormant bermudagrass turf. The developed smart sprayer prototype detected and sprayed every grid cell containing broadleaf weeds in field experiments. Compared to the broadcast application, precision spraying of MCPA provided the same level of control of broadleaf weeds. By 18 days after treatment (DAT), the nontreated control had 13 weeds no. m(-2), while the plots that received broadcast and precision spraying had 0 and 1 broadleaf weed plant no. m(-2), respectively. Precision herbicide application according to the herbicide weed control spectrum (HWCS) with the developed smart sprayer provided the same level of broadleaf weed control and could save more herbicides compared to an approach without discriminating weed species. Overall, these findings clearly indicated that the developed smart sprayer prototype could effectively detect, discriminate, and spray herbicides onto the grid cells containing target weeds based on the HWCS.