Gender stereotypes and motor performance: How explicit and implicit stereotypes influence girls standing long jump and anxiety

Objectives: Inducing a negative stereotype toward women usually leads to a decrease in women's motor per-formance. Given that most studies have focused on explicit stereotype induction among adults, the main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of explicit and implicit gender stereotypes on standing long jump per-formance in children. The second aim was to investigate the effects of these same manipulations on children's state anxiety.Design: A mixed model design with within-between-subject was used with standing long jump performance and state anxiety as dependent variables.Method: Two hundred and four children (Mage = 10.95 years, SDage = 0.85) participated in this study and were randomly assigned, after baseline measurement, into four different groups (i.e., explicit/implicit vs. explicit vs. implicit vs. control). Specifically, participants performed 8 trials of standing long jump (4 trials during the baseline phase and 4 trials during the experimental phase). Children also completed the competitive state Anxiety Inventory at baseline as well as immediately after the trials.Results: For motor performance, children in the explicit/implicit group and in the implicit group were negatively affected by the stereotype manipulation during all trials whereas participants in the explicit group were only negatively impacted during the last two trials. However, regarding state anxiety, children were negatively affected after both explicit only and implicit only manipulations and more significantly after explicit/implicit manipulation.Conclusions: The present research showed that the explicit and implicit manipulations influenced motor per-formance differently, but that these two manipulations increased state anxiety in the same way. Moreover, the combination of the explicit and implicit inductions leads to a greater significant negative influence on state anxiety but not motor performance.