Pickering high internal phase emulsions stabilized by biopolymeric particles: From production to high-performance applications

In modern times, there has been a significant rise in interest regarding the production of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) owing to their extraordinary stability as well as their distinctive solid-like rheological characteristics. Particles produced by polysaccharides, proteins, and polysaccharide-protein complexes/conjugates are highly efficient Pickering stabilizers for HIPEs. These biopolymeric particles (BPs) carry out a dual function by satisfying the growing consumer's demand for "all-natural" and "clean-label" foodstuffs. Moreover, the production of multi-component colloidal particles, complexes, and conjugates can enhance the efficacy of biopolymers. Recent research has revealed significant improvements in the development and utilization of diverse BPs for the formulation of Pickering High Internal Phase Emulsions (P-HIPEs). The characteristics of the interfacial layer can be modified via applying BPs, which facilitates the regulation and maintenance of the performance and stability of P-HIPEs. The objective of this article is to evaluate factors that influence the behavior of colloidal particles at surfaces and their adsorption properties, as well as the fundamental structure of matrix constituents and the significant characteristics of P-HIPEs. In this review, we discuss the emerging applications of P-HIPEs for developing biodegradable packaging films, 3D printing inks, and porous materials, as well as for entrapment and controlled release of bioactives. There is potential for developing stimulus-responsive or transparent P-HIPEs, which could potentially introduce novel opportunities. Taken together, this review aims to provide a useful resource for future research endeavors pertaining to the utilization of natural biopolymers in the production of P-HIPEs.