Antecedents and consequents of industry 4.0 adoption using technology, organization and environment (TOE) framework: A meta-analysis

Industry 4.0 (I4.0) is of burgeoning interest for both researchers and practitioners in the operations management and supply chain context. In recent times, research has examined the antecedents and consequents of I4.0; however, inconsistencies in empirical findings have precluded a clear understanding of the drivers of I4.0 adoption and the subsequent impacts on firm performance. To address this issue, we conducted a meta-analysis of the key antecedents and consequents of I4.0. By establishing these pathways and processes using meta-analysis, we seek to reconcile conflicting results in prior literature and develop a unified framework of the antecedents and consequents of I4.0 adoption. Based on the empirical findings reported in 22 prior studies, we identified 12 antecedents representing technological, organizational, and environmental factors and four consequents representing firm performance of I4.0 adoption. Our findings facilitate managers to prioritize their resources to accentuate I4.0 adoption.