Comprehensive analysis of vulnerability status and associated affect factors among prehospital emergency patients: a single-center descriptive cross-sectional study

Background Prehospital emergency care is a critical but often understudied aspect of healthcare. Patient vulnerability in this setting can significantly impact outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the vulnerability status and to determine associated affect factors among prehospital emergency patients in China.Methods In this cross-sectional study conducted in China, from April 2023 to July 2023, we assessed the vulnerability of prehospital emergency patients using the Safety in Prehospital Emergency Care Index (SPECI) scale. We conducted a detailed questionnaire-based survey to gather demographic and disease-related information. We employed the SPECI scale, consisting of two subscales, to evaluate patient vulnerability. Statistical analyses, including t-tests, ANOVA, and multiple linear regression, were used to identify factors associated with vulnerability.Results The study included a total of 973 prehospital emergency patients, with a response rate of 81.9%. These patients exhibited a low-to-moderate level of vulnerability, with an average SPECI score of 14.46 out of 40. Vulnerability was significantly associated with age (particularly those aged 60 and above), disease severity (severe conditions increased vulnerability), disease type (circulatory diseases correlated with higher vulnerability), alterations in consciousness, and chronic diseases. Unexpectedly, digestive system diseases were negatively correlated with vulnerability.Conclusion Addressing patient vulnerability in prehospital care is essential. Tailored interventions, EMS provider training, and interdisciplinary collaboration can mitigate vulnerability, especially in older patients and those with severe conditions.