Role of Microstructures in the Dielectric Properties of PVDF-Based Nanocomposites Containing High-Permittivity Fillers for Energy Storage

Polymer-based nanocomposites containing inorganic ferroelectric inclusions, typically ABO3 perovskites, have emerged as innovative dielectric materials for energy storage and electric insulation, potentially coupling the high breakdown strength (BDS) and easy processing of polymers with the enhancement of dielectric constant provided by the ferroelectric phase. In this paper, experimental data and three-dimensional finite element method (3D FEM) simulations were combined to shed some light on the effect of microstructures on the dielectric properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-BaTiO3 composites. The existence of particle aggregates or touching particles has a strong effect on the effective dielectric constant and determines an increase of the local field in the neck region of the ferroelectric phase with a detrimental effect on the BDS. The distribution of the field and the effective permittivity are very sensitive to the specific microstructure considered. The degradation of the BDS can be overcome by coating the ferroelectric particles with a thin shell of an insulating oxide with a low dielectric constant, such as SiO2 (er = 4). The local field is highly concentrated on the shell, while the field in the ferroelectric phase is reduced almost to zero and that on the matrix is close to the applied one. The electric field in the matrix becomes less homogeneous with increasing the dielectric constant of the shell material, as happens with TiO2 (er = 30). These results provide a solid background to explain the enhanced dielectric properties and the superior BDS of composites containing core-shell inclusions.