Physicochemical properties of lignin nanoparticles from softwood and their potential application in sustainable pre-harvest bagging as transparent UV-shielding films

Technical lignin can be mainly obtained as a waste by-product from pulp industry, and it exhibits unique properties including ultraviolet adsorption, biodegradable, antibacterial, and antioxidant which can be utilized for bioplastic applications. However, common limitations of technical lignin for plastic applications are compatibility mainly due to poor interfacial adhesion, relatively large particle size and impurity. In this study lignin nanoparticles from softwood (S-LNPs) were successfully produced through a continuous-green-scalable antisolvent precipitation and the suitability of S-LNPs for fabrication of bio-composite polybutylene succinate (PBS) films using conventional blown film extrusion was examined. The attained S-LNPs showed lower ash content, higher phenolic content and higher lignin content compared to pristine softwood kraft lignin (S-lignin). Rheological property including shear viscosity and melt-flow index was determined. The obtained PBS/S-LNP composite films showed improved tensile modulus, higher water vapor transmission rate and excellent UV -shielding ability compared to neat PBS and PBS/S-lignin films. Accelerated weathering testing was conducted to replicate outdoor conditions. Degradation indices including carbonyl, vinyl and hydroxyl of the weathered PBS/lignin composites were evaluated for photo-oxidative stability. The S-LNPs as multifunctional bio-additives in biodegradable composite film exhibited superior performances of transparency, UV-absorption and stiffness with high photo-oxidative stability suitable for outdoor applications.