Using (1,3)-β-D-glucan concentrations in serum to monitor the response of azole therapy in patients with eumycetoma caused by Madurella mycetomatis

Introduction: (1,3)-beta-D-glucan is a panfungal biomarker secreted by many fungi, including Madurella mycetomatis, the main causative agent of eumycetoma. Previously we demonstrated that (1,3)-beta-D-glucan was present in serum of patients with eumycetoma. However, the use of (1,3)-beta-D-glucan to monitor treatment responses in patients with eumycetoma has not been evaluated.Materials and Methods: In this study, we measured (1,3)-beta-D-glucan concentrations in serum with the WAKO (1,3)-beta-D-glucan assay in 104 patients with eumycetoma treated with either 400 mg itraconazole daily, or 200 mg or 300 mg fosravuconazole weekly. Serial serum (1,3)-beta-D-glucan concentrations were measured at seven different timepoints. Any correlation between initial and final (1,3)-beta-D-glucan concentrations and clinical outcome was evaluated.Results: The concentration of (1,3)-beta-D-glucan was obtained in a total of 654 serum samples. Before treatment, the average (1,3)-beta-D-glucan concentration was 22.86 pg/mL. During the first 6 months of treatment, this concentration remained stable. (1,3)-beta-D-glucan concentrations significantly dropped after surgery to 8.56 pg/mL. After treatment was stopped, there was clinical evidence of recurrence in 18 patients. Seven of these 18 patients had a (1,3)-beta-D-glucan concentration above the 5.5 pg/mL cut-off value for positivity, while in the remaining 11 patients, (1,3)-beta-D-glucan concentrations were below the cut-off value. This resulted in a sensitivity of 38.9% and specificity of 75.0%. A correlation between lesion size and (1,3)-beta-D-glucan concentration was noted.Conclusion: Although in general (1,3)-beta-D-glucan concentrations can be measured in the serum of patients with eumycetoma during treatment, a sharp decrease in beta-glucan concentration was only noted after surgery and not during or after antimicrobial treatment. (1,3)-beta-D-glucan concentrations were not predictive for recurrence and seem to have no value in determining treatment response to azoles in patients with eumycetoma.