Design a new cascade controller PD-P-PID optimized by marine predators algorithm for load frequency control

For a stable system frequency without any problems, the generation and demand equation must always be balanced. But the difficulty of precisely predicting the changes in the load is a big problem. Here comes the responsibility of the load frequency control (LFC) loop to maintain the equality between supply and demand. The LFC loop's performance depends on the control technique or controller used. In our work, we propose a new cascade controller PD-P-PID that is applied in LFC applications for the first time. To obtain the optimum settings of our cascade controller, we used an optimization method called the marine predators algorithm (MPA). To verify the robustness of our controller, it was tested on three different systems: a single-area multi-source power system, a two-area multi-source power system with AC-DC tie-lines, and a three-area hydro-thermal power system with the generation rate constraints and Governor dead band taken into account for a more practical study. The obtained results are compared with many published works based on objective function integral time absolute error, settling time Ts, and overshoot/undershoot of frequency and tie-line power deviation. MPA-tuned PID-PD controllers offer superior performance to other literature as it gives a dynamic response with a shorter settling time and fewer frequency and tie-line power deviation oscillations when step loads are perturbed.