Thermal and irreversibility analysis on Cattaneo-Christov heat flux-based unsteady hybrid nanofluid flow over a spinning sphere with interfacial nanolayer mechanism

The interfacial nanolayer is a tinny coating of liquid molecules convened around the immersed solid nanoparticles in the base liquid, and it promises a vibrant role in improving and controlling the thermal properties of the nanoparticles and flow features when embedded in the base fluid. Hence, the current study features the consequence of interfacial nanolayer thickness during MWCNT and Au-embedded water-based hybrid nanofluid fluid over a spinning sphere. An appropriate transition is applied to rationalize the substantially paired and nonlinear governing equations and then processed by the Galerkin finite element method (G-FEM). The impression of different governing parameters on the governing systems in conjunction with entropy and Bejan number is demonstrated through graphical and tabular form. Graphs are drawn with an evaluation of general and hybrid nanofluids and different nanolayer thicknesses of nanoparticles. The thermal impact is more significant with the occurrence of Cattaneo-Christov heat flux and is supported by nonlinear thermal radiation and the Brinkman number. Entropy generation is observed to nonlinearly slow down with improvements in the Brinkman and permeability parameters, while a reverse procedure develops for the Bejan number with the above parameters. The nanolayer thickness of the nanoparticles restricted the irreversibility phenomena of the system, and the same feature is supported by the Bejan number.