Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis case with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination

A 61-year-old man with no previous record of autoimmune disease developed fever, polyarthralgia, purpura, and urticaria-like rash 2 weeks after the first dose of the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine, and symptoms deteriorated following the second dose. He presented reduced erythrocyte and platelet counts, hyperferritinemia, high sIL-2R levels, and severe hypocomplementemia. We diagnosed hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis (HUVS), and his symptoms as well as laboratory findings improved following treatment with mPSL 1000 mg/day for 3 days and PSL 40 mg/day. Twelve weeks following treatment initiation, the patient relapsed with fever, sore throat, pancytopenia, and hyperferritinemia when the PSL dose was reduced to 12.5 mg/day. Bone marrow biopsy and MRI presented fatty marrow and hemophagocytosis. The patient's blood cells started recovering using ATG + CsA + EPAG therapy for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). This is the first case report of HUVS and HLH following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. It is presumed that SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine can induce the excessive production of certain types of cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-17 as a consequence of IL-6 Amplification (IL-6 Amp). SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-vaccines can cause disruption of immune homeostasis in healthy individuals. An extremely rare disease of HUVS complicated by HLH can be developed as a consequence.