Rituximab exerts its anti-arthritic effects via inhibiting NF-κB/ GM-CSF/iNOS signaling in B cells in a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis

Rheumatoidarthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by uncontrolled joint inflam-mation and damage to bone and cartilage. B cells are known to play a crucial role in the path-ogenesis and development of arthritis. Previous studies have found that B cells may be a potential target for treating RA. Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody targeting B cells, has induced long-term clinical responses in RA. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model is a widely studied autoimmune model of RA. CIA mouse model was used to investigate the effect of rituximab on the RA severity in the mice. Following induction of CIA, animals were treated with rituximab (250 mg/kg/week) intraperitoneally on the days 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, and 63 after collagen induction. We investigated the effect of rituximab on NF-?B p65, I?Ba, GM-CSF, MCP-1, iNOS, TNF-a, and IL -6 cells in splenic CD19+ and CD45R+ B cells using flow cytometry. We also assessed the effect of rituximab on NF-?B p65, GM-CSF, I?Ba, MCP-1, iNOS, TNF-a, and IL-6 at mRNA levels using RT-PCR analyses of knee tissues. Rituximab treatment significantly decreased CD19+NF-?B p65+, CD45R+NF-?B p65+, CD19+GM-CSF+, CD45R+GM-CSF+, CD19+MCP-1+, CD45R+MCP-1+, CD19+TNF-a+, CD45R+TNF-a+, CD19+iNOS+, CD45R+iNOS+, CD19+IL-6+, and CD45R+IL-6+, and increased CD45R+I?Ba+ in spleen cells of CIA mice. We further observed that rituximab treatment downregulated NF-?B p65, GM-CSF, MCP-1, iNOS, TNF-a, and IL-6, whereas it upre-gulated I?Ba, mRNA level. All these findings suggest that rituximab may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of RA.