Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the CAD Gene Family in Walnut (Juglans regia L.)

Lignin deficiency in the endocarp of walnuts causes kernel bare, leads to inconvenient processing and transportation of walnuts, and easily produces insect damage and mildew, thereby affecting the quality of walnuts. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is one of the key rate-limiting enzymes in lignin synthesis and plays an important role in the synthesis of lignin in the endocarp of walnut. However, knowledge about CAD gene family members and their evolutionary and functional characteristics in walnuts is limited. In this study, all 18 JrCADs were identified, and phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, protein motifs, collinearity analysis, and expression patterns of the JrCADs were also analyzed. All JrCADs could be divided into three groups based on the phylogenetic tree, gene structure, and motif analysis also support this grouping. Transcriptome data demonstrated that JrCADs have different expression patterns in walnut endocarps at different developmental stages. Combined with qRT-PCR data, we finally identified several candidate JrCADs involved in the process of endocarp sclerosis. This study showed that the JrCAD family members are highly conservative in evolutionary characteristics and they might participate in a variety of hormone responses. JrCAD17 and JrCAD18 are highly expressed in all periods of walnut endocarp harding, they are closely related to lignin accumulation.