Deep brain stimulation suppresses epileptic seizures in rats via inhibition of adenosine kinase and activation of adenosine A1 receptors

Aims: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus, is an effective therapy for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, yet, its mechanism of action remains elusive. Adenosine kinase (ADK), a key negative regulator of adenosine, is a potential modulator of epileptogenesis. DBS has been shown to increase adenosine levels, which may suppress seizures via A1 receptors (A(1)Rs). We investigated whether DBS could halt disease progression and the potential involvement of adenosine mechanisms.Methods: Control group, SE (status epilepticus) group, SE-DBS group, and SE-sham-DBS group were included in this study. One week after a pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus, rats in the SE-DBS group were treated with DBS for 4 weeks. The rats were monitored by video-EEG. ADK and A(1)Rs were tested with histochemistry and western blot, respectively.Results: Compared with the SE group and SE-sham-DBS group, DBS could reduce the frequency of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) and the number of interictal epileptic discharges. The DPCPX, an A(1)R antagonist, reversed the effect of DBS on interictal epileptic discharges. In addition, DBS inhibited the overexpression of ADK and the downregulation of A(1)Rs.Conclusion: The findings indicate that DBS can reduce SRS in epileptic rats via inhibition of ADK and activation of A(1)Rs. A(1)Rs might be a potential target of DBS for the treatment of epilepsy.