Evaluation of CO2 sources for Power-to-Liquid plants producing Fischer-Tropsch products

In addition to the climate crisis's looming dangers, Europe was recently affected by profoundly volatile energy markets, entailing soaring inflation and political uncertainty. Power-to-Liquid processes have the potential to curb global warming by valorizing CO2 to produce synthetic fuels and platform chemicals while simultaneously substituting fossil energy imports. The impact of the CO2 source, i.e., cement production, biogas upgrading and solid biomass combustion, on Power-to-Liquid plants was evaluated by implementing the designed configuration, including CO2 capture, solid-oxide electrolyzer, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and steam reforming, in IPSEpro, a stationary equation-based process simulation tool. Maximum Power-to-Liquid efficiency of 63.8% and maximum carbon efficiency of 88.6% were obtained by exploiting CO2 emitted by a biogas upgrading unit. Solid-oxide electrolyzers ranging from 23 MWel. (biogas) to 504 MWel. (cement) are required to process CO2 streams from 4.5 to 100 t/h. In addition, the mass and energy balances of the three considered configurations were determined and embedded in a process flow diagram. The presented study aims to facilitate future decisions concerning carbon capture and utilization policy by assessing the CO2 source's influence on Power-to-Liquid plants' key performance indicators. Furthermore, the underlying work supports a sustainable realization of Power-to-Liquid plants by offering a framework for exploiting CO2 sources.