Multi-omics analysis reveals copper-induced growth inhibition mechanisms of earthworm (Eisenia fetida)

Exposure to high concentrations of copper can cause toxic effects on the growth and development of organisms, but the relevant toxic mechanisms are far from fully understood. This study investigated the changes of me-tabolites, genes, and gut microorganisms in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to 0 (control), 67.58 (low), 168.96 (medium), and 337.92 (high) mg/kg of Cu in soil for 60 days. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differential metabolites (DMs) at the low-, medium-, and high-level Cu exposure groups were identified and introduced into Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis revealed that amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism are the major metabolic pathways disturbed by Cu exposure. Furthermore, Cu exposure significantly decreased the diversity of the intestinal bacterial community and affected the relative abundance (increased or decreased) of intestinal colonizing bacteria. This resulted in high energy expenditure, inhibited nutrient absorption and fatty acid synthesis, and weakened antioxidant and detoxification abilities, ultimately inhibiting the growth of E. fetida. These findings offer important clues and evidence for understanding the mechanism of Cu-induced growth and development toxicity in E. fetida and provide further data for risk assessment in terrestrial ecosystems.