A systematic review on prognostic factors and models for changes in quality of life and depressive symptoms after multi-domain cognitive training in healthy older adults: Who benefits?

BackgroundAs we age, cognitive abilities decline which can lead to a decrease in quality of life (QoL) and an increase in depressive symptoms even in healthy (i.e., non-clinical) older adults. Cognitive trainings (CT) are a promising approach to not only improve cognition, but also QoL and mood. However, it is unclear which prognostic factors are associated with changes in QoL and depression after CT. ObjectiveTo identify prognostic factors and models of changes in QoL and depressive symptoms after a multi-domain CT in healthy older adults. MethodsMEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection, CENTRAL and PsycInfo were systematically searched for multi-domain CT studies in healthy older adults until August 2022. Studies investigating prognostic factors and/or models on QoL and depressive symptoms were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the QUIPS and the PROBAST tool. ResultsOur search revealed N = 12,916 studies, of which only 6 could be included in the review. Prognostic factors included were sociodemographics, cognitive reserve, cognitive baseline level, and cognitive change. However, data were too rare and heterogenous regarding the assessment measures of QoL and depressive scores, the used multi-domain CT and the investigated prognostic factors to draw clear conclusions or conduct meta-analyses. ConclusionThere is an urgent need for research on prognostic factors and models of changes in QoL and depressive symptoms after CT in healthy older participants as they could help to tailor interventions to individuals in terms of future precision medicine approaches.