An integrated strategy coordinating endogenous and exogenous approaches to alleviate crop lodging

The frequent occurrence of global extreme weather conditions and the problem of lodging restrict crops' stability and high-yield production, posing a serious threat to global food security. Although research on lodging resistance has been comprehensive, there are still relevant problems in individual plant genetic characteristics and global field management. This article reviews the latest progress on the endogenous molecular mechanisms and genetic breeding for crop lodging resistance. Interestingly, stem seems to be the main target tissue for crop lodging resistance. Endogenous sugar metabolism, enzyme synthesis, and phytohormones signaling affect the lodging status of crops such as rice, corn, soybeans and rapeseed by enhancing stem toughness. A successful crop lodging model and index were also proposed to explain the various factors influencing lodging types. Moreover, modern informative and intelligent remote sensing technology, including the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and radar remote sensing, can effectively improve field lodging resistance and the yield of crops. We discussed applicable countermeasures, such as the exploration of key genes, development of advanced breeding strategy, scientific field management and application of intelligent monitoring technology. Consequently, we suggested some integrated strategies combining elite gene resources, appropriate agronomic management methods and the UAV technique, which provide rich genetic resources and a theoretical basis for improving genetics breeding for lodging resistance in crops, offers advanced agronomic management solutions and agricultural IoT system support for crop lodging resistance management, and suggests research directions and focus for the next Green Revolution.