Past glaciation of temperate-continental mountains: A model for a debris-charged plateau icefield/cirque glacier landsystem in the Southern Carpathians, Romania

Reconstructing the extent, style, timing and drivers of past mountain glaciation is crucial in both understanding past atmospheric circulation and predicting future climate change. Unlike in high-elevation mountains situated in maritime and continental climates, less is known of past glaciation in mid-altitude mountains, located in transitional climates, such as the Southern Carpathians of Romania. Despite these mountains harbouring a rich glacial geomorphology, this has never been systematically mapped according to well-established morphological criteria, nor confidently related to former styles of glaciation. Therefore, filling this gap is important for not only accurately identifying glacial extents but also for establishing past glaciation styles and relating them to past ice dynamics and climate. Here, we devise the first glacial landsystem model for the Southern Carpathians, to enhance our understanding of the glaciation style and dynamics of past mountain glaciers in temperate-continental climates. We present a geomorphological map, from which we infer the spatial and temporal evolution of glacial, periglacial and paraglacial landforms. We then assess the links between the mountain geomorphology and glaciation style and dynamics to construct a glacial landsystem model for debris-charged plateau icefields and cirque glaciers in temperate-continental mountain settings. Reconstructing the extent, style, timing and drivers of past mountain glaciation is crucial in both understanding past atmospheric circulation and predicting future climate change. As less is known about past glaciation in mid-altitude mountain regions located in temperate-continental climates, we produce a remote- and field-based geomorphological map and undertake sedimentological analyses in the Godeanu Mountains, Southern Carpathians, Romania. Based on these results, we devise a new glacial landsystem model to enhance our understanding of palaeoglaciation in these settings more broadly.image