Battery swapping and management system design for electric trucks considering battery degradation

Battery swapping stations (BSSs) have been gradually adopted in reality for electric trucks (ETs) to improve their operational efficiency. This study focuses on the optimal design of a BSS system that exclusively serves an ET fleet offering dedicated-line transportation services. By explicitly incorporating the battery degradation effect, we develop a mathematical model to determine the optimal configuration of the BSS system to minimize the total system cost including the fixed investment cost and the battery lifecycle cost. The problem is formulated as a nonlinear optimization model and then solved efficiently by a proposed solution procedure. A battery charging management strategy is further proposed. Through conducting numerical experiments, we find that the system design model can well capture the trade-off between the one-time battery purchase cost and the long-term battery degradation cost; and the battery charging management strategy significantly reduces the battery degradation cost, resulting in a more cost-efficient BSS system.