Speed of Information Processing and Verbal Working Memory in Children and Adolescents With Cochlear Implants

BackgroundVerbal working memory delays are found in many deaf children with cochlear implants compared with normal-hearing peers, but the factors contributing to these delays are not well understood. This study investigated differences between cochlear implant users and normal-hearing peers in memory scanning speed during a challenging verbal working memory task. To better understand variability in verbal working memory capacity within each sample, associations between memory scanning speed, speech recognition, and language were also investigated.MethodsTwenty-five prelingually deaf, early implanted children (age, 8-17 yr) with cochlear implants and 25 normal-hearing peers completed the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition, Letter-Number Sequencing (LNS) working memory task. Timing measures were made for response latency and average pause duration between letters/numbers recalled during the task. Participants also completed measures of speech recognition, vocabulary, and language comprehension.ResultsChildren with cochlear implants had longer pause durations than normal-hearing peers during three-span LNS sequences, but the groups did not differ in response latencies or in pause durations during two-span LNS sequences. In the sample of cochlear implant users, poorer speech recognition was correlated with longer pause durations during two-span sequences, whereas poorer vocabulary and weaker language comprehension were correlated with longer response latencies during two-span sequences. Response latencies and pause durations were unrelated to language in the normal-hearing sample.ConclusionChildren with cochlear implants have slower verbal working memory scanning speed than children with normal hearing. More robust phonological-lexical representations of language in memory may facilitate faster memory scanning speed and better working memory in cochlear implant users.