Vadose zone flushing of fertilizer tracked by isotopes of water and nitrate

A substantial fraction of nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied in agricultural systems is not incorporated into crops and moves below the rooting zone as nitrate (NO3-). Understanding mechanisms for soil N retention below the rooting zone and leaching to groundwater is essential for our ability to track the fate of added N. We used dual stable isotopes of nitrate (delta 15N-NO3- and delta 18O-NO3-) and water (delta 18O-H2O and delta 2H-H2O) to understand the mechanisms driving nitrate leaching at three depths (0.8, 1.5, and 3.0 m) of an irrigated corn field sampled every 2 weeks from 2016 to 2020 in the southern Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA. Distinct periods of high nitrate concentrations with lower delta 15N-NO3- values indicated that a portion of that nitrate was from recent fertilizer applications. We used a mixing model to quantify nitrate fluxes associated with recently added fertilizer N versus older, legacy soil N during these "fertilizer signal periods." Nitrate leached below 3.0 m in these periods made up a larger proportion of the total N leached at that depth (similar to 52%) versus the two shallower depths (similar to 13%-16%), indicating preferential movement of recently applied fertilizer N through the deep soil into groundwater. Further, N associated with recent fertilizer additions leached more easily when compared to remobilized legacy N. A high volume of fall and winter precipitation may push residual fertilizer N to depth, potentially posing a larger threat to groundwater than legacy N. Optimizing fertilizer N additions could minimize fertilizer losses and reduce nitrate leaching to groundwater. A total of 11% (22.7 kg N center dot ha-1 center dot year-1) of recently applied fertilizer was leached below 3 m with the onset of fall rain. Processed legacy nitrogen (N) comprised up to 18% (32.8 kg N center dot ha-1 center dot year-1) of nitrate lost to leaching. Denitrification was not an important process contributing to N removal. Residual fertilizer N posed a greater immediate threat to groundwater than soil legacy N. N sources and potential processing information can link soil surface practices with nitrate leaching.