Biological management of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.): a review

Root-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne spp. are the most agricultural pest causing quality, yield crop losses, and increased host sensitivity to abiotic and biotic stress worldwide. For decades, the control of these parasitic nematodes was largely based on the application of nematicides. Recently, many restrictions were set on the use of nematicides due to environmental and human health concerns. Therefore, developing alternative control strategies is becoming increasingly needful to manage root-knot nematodes. Recently, biocontrol is attracting attention as a safer alternative to chemical products. It involves a wide range of control approaches including cultural practices, stimulation or introduction of antagonistic organisms, their metabolites, or their bioactive compounds. The present review aims to point out the principal biological approaches to deal with root-knot nematodes. Firstly, an informative overview of these microscopic plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) will be provided. Then, a comparison of the main cultural practices with their potential uses, their advantages, and limitations in the management of Meloidogyne spp. will be discussed. In addition, the antagonistic activity of plant essential oils as well as that of nematophagous bacteria and fungi against Meloidogyne spp. will be described. Their nematicidal effect is discussed as they have been proven as an efficient biological control agent. The present review is a benefit to all persons interested in alternative methods for Meloidogyne spp. management.