Bufotalin Suppresses Proliferation and Metastasis of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells by Promoting Apoptosis and Inhibiting the STAT3/EMT Axis

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive type of breast cancer and has a poor prognosis. As standardized TNBC treatment regimens cause drug resistance and tumor recurrence, the development of new TNBC treatment strategies is urgently required. Bufotalin is a bufadienolide isolated from the skin and parotid venom glands of the toad Bufo gargarizan, and has several pharmacological properties, including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. However, the anticancer effect and underlying molecular mechanisms of action of bufotalin in TNBC have not been fully studied. In the current study, we investigated the effects of bufotalin on the growth and metastasis of MDA-MB-231 and HCC1937 TNBC cells. Bufotalin potently inhibited the proliferation of both TNBC cell lines by promoting cell cycle arrest and caspase-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, bufotalin effectively suppressed the migration and invasion of both TNBC cell lines by regulating the expression of key epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) biomarkers, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and integrin alpha 6. Notably, the anticancer effect of bufotalin in TNBC cells was associated with the downregulation of the signal transducer and activator of the transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. Collectively, our results suggest that the natural compound bufotalin may exert antiproliferative and antimetastatic activities in TNBC cells by modulating the apoptotic pathway and the STAT3/EMT axis.