The burden of hypercholesterolemia and ischemic heart disease in an ageing world

被引:22
作者
Pirillo, Angela [1 ]
Norata, Giuseppe Danilo [2 ]
机构
[1] E Bassini Hosp, Ctr Study Atherosclerosis, Milan, Italy
[2] Univ Milan, Dept Pharmacol & Biomol Sci, Milan, Italy
关键词
Dyslipidaemia; Hypercholesterolemia; Ischemic heart disease; Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Ageing; World bank income; NON-HDL CHOLESTEROL; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; RISK-FACTORS; REMNANT CHOLESTEROL; APOLIPOPROTEIN-B; METAANALYSIS; LIPOPROTEIN; MEN; TRIGLYCERIDES; INSIGHTS;
D O I
10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106814
中图分类号
R9 [药学];
学科分类号
1007 ;
摘要
Despite a general improvement in global health conditions in the last decades, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are still the first global cause of death and disability worldwide, with ischemic heart disease (IHD) being responsible for half of CVD deaths. Hypercholesterolemia is a major causal risk factor for IHD. Although the availability of effective cholesterol-lowering drugs largely increased in the last few years, we are still facing disparities in the awareness of dyslipidaemia as a CVD-associated risk factor and therefore in health expenditure among different world areas. Although no significant changes have been reported globally in the levels of plasma cholesterol in the last three decades, relevant differences among world areas according to their economic status can be observed. Only high-income countries have experienced an improvement in plasma lipid profile which translated into a substantial decrease in the deaths and disabilities due to IHD, whereas countries in other income groups showed no reduction or even an increase. As expected, most of the deaths for IHD attributable to high LDL-C occur in people aged 60 years and above, although significant differences can be observed according to income. Altogether these observations suggest the need for measures to reduce the gap in treating hypercholesterolemia among income groups, with special attention to women and older people.
引用
收藏
页数:10
相关论文
共 38 条
[1]   Menopause-associated risk of cardiovascular disease [J].
Anagnostis, Panagiotis ;
Lambrinoudaki, Irene ;
Stevenson, John C. ;
Goulis, Dimitrios G. .
ENDOCRINE CONNECTIONS, 2022, 11 (04)
[2]   Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis [J].
Blueher, Matthias .
NATURE REVIEWS ENDOCRINOLOGY, 2019, 15 (05) :288-298
[3]   Very Low Levels of Atherogenic Lipoproteins and the Risk for Cardiovascular Events A Meta-Analysis of Statin Trials [J].
Boekholdt, S. Matthijs ;
Hovingh, G. Kees ;
Mora, Samia ;
Arsenault, Benoit J. ;
Amarenco, Pierre ;
Pedersen, Terje R. ;
LaRosa, John C. ;
Waters, David D. ;
DeMicco, David A. ;
Simes, R. John ;
Keech, Antony C. ;
Colquhoun, David ;
Hitman, Graham A. ;
Betteridge, John ;
Clearfield, Michael B. ;
Downs, John R. ;
Colhoun, Helen M. ;
Gotto, Antonio M., Jr. ;
Ridker, Paul M. ;
Grundy, Scott M. ;
Kastelein, John J. P. .
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY, 2014, 64 (05) :485-494
[4]   Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights: a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel [J].
Boren, Jan ;
Chapman, M. John ;
Krauss, Ronald M. ;
Packard, Chris J. ;
Bentzon, Jacob F. ;
Binder, Christoph J. ;
Daemen, Mat J. ;
Demer, Linda L. ;
Hegele, Robert A. ;
Nicholls, Stephen J. ;
Nordestgaard, Brge G. ;
Watts, Gerald F. ;
Bruckert, Eric ;
Fazio, Sergio ;
Ference, Brian A. ;
Graham, Ian ;
Horton, Jay D. ;
Landmesser, Ulf ;
Laufs, Ulrich ;
Masana, Luis ;
Pasterkamp, Gerard ;
Raal, Frederick J. ;
Ray, Kausik K. ;
Schunkert, Heribert ;
Taskinen, Marja-Riitta ;
van de Sluis, Bart ;
Wiklund, Olov ;
Tokgozoglu, Lale ;
Catapano, Alberico L. ;
Ginsberg, Henry N. .
EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL, 2020, 41 (24) :2313-+
[5]   The central role of arterial retention of cholesterol-rich apolipoprotein-B-containing lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a triumph of simplicity [J].
Boren, Jan ;
Williams, Kevin Jon .
CURRENT OPINION IN LIPIDOLOGY, 2016, 27 (05) :473-483
[6]   Application of non-HDL cholesterol for population-based cardiovascular risk stratification: results from the Multinational Cardiovascular Risk Consortium [J].
Brunner, Fabian J. ;
Waldeyer, Christoph ;
Ojeda, Francisco ;
Salomaa, Veikko ;
Kee, Frank ;
Sans, Susana ;
Thorand, Barbara ;
Giampaoli, Simona ;
Brambilla, Paolo ;
Tunstall-Pedoe, Hugh ;
Moitry, Marie ;
Iacoviello, Licia ;
Veronesi, Giovanni ;
Grassi, Guido ;
Mathiesen, Ellisiv B. ;
Soderberg, Stefan ;
Linneberg, Allan ;
Brenner, Hermann ;
Amouyel, Philippe ;
Ferrieres, Jean ;
Tamosiunas, Abdonas ;
Nikitin, Yuriy P. ;
Drygas, Wojciech ;
Melander, Olle ;
Joeckel, Karl-Heinz ;
Leistner, David M. ;
Shaw, Jonathan E. ;
Panagiotakos, Demosthenes B. ;
Simons, Leon A. ;
Kavousi, Maryam ;
Vasan, Ramachandran S. ;
Dullaart, Robin P. F. ;
Wannamethee, S. Goya ;
Riserus, Ulf ;
Shea, Steven ;
de Lemos, James A. ;
Omland, Torbjorn ;
Kuulasmaa, Kari ;
Landmesser, Ulf ;
Blankenberg, Stefan ;
Zeller, T. ;
Lackner, K. ;
Wild, P. ;
Peters, A. ;
Meisinger, C. ;
Voelzke, H. ;
Doerr, M. ;
Nauck, M. ;
Schoettker, B. ;
Lorenz, T. .
LANCET, 2019, 394 (10215) :2173-2183
[7]   Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: meta-analysis of individual data from 174 000 participants in 27 randomised trials [J].
Fulcher, Jordan ;
O'Connell, Rachel ;
Voysey, Merryn ;
Emberson, Jonathan ;
Blackwell, Lisa ;
Mihaylova, Borislava ;
Simes, John ;
Collins, Rory ;
Kirby, Adrienne ;
Colhoun, Helen ;
Braunwald, Eugene ;
La Rosa, John ;
Pedersen, T. R. ;
Tonkin, Andrew ;
Davis, Barry ;
Sleight, Peter ;
Franzosi, Maria Grazia ;
Baigent, Colin ;
Keech, Anthony ;
de Lemos, J. ;
Blazing, M. ;
Murphy, S. ;
Downs, J. R. ;
Gotto, A. ;
Clearfield, M. ;
Holdaas, H. ;
Gordon, D. ;
Koren, M. ;
Dahloef, B. ;
Poulter, N. ;
Sever, P. ;
Knopp, R. H. ;
Fellstroem, B. ;
Holdaas, H. ;
Jardine, A. ;
Schmieder, R. ;
Zannad, F. ;
Goldbourt, U. ;
Kaplinsky, E. ;
Colhoun, H. M. ;
Betteridge, D. J. ;
Durrington, P. N. ;
Hitman, G. A. ;
Fuller, J. ;
Neil, A. ;
Wanner, C. ;
Krane, V. ;
Sacks, F. ;
Moye, L. ;
Pfeffer, M. .
LANCET, 2015, 385 (9976) :1397-1405
[8]   Genetic Variants Associated with Lp(a) Lipoprotein Level and Coronary Disease [J].
Clarke, Robert ;
Peden, John F. ;
Hopewell, Jemma C. ;
Kyriakou, Theodosios ;
Goel, Anuj ;
Heath, Simon C. ;
Parish, Sarah ;
Barlera, Simona ;
Franzosi, Maria Grazia ;
Rust, Stephan ;
Bennett, Derrick ;
Silveira, Angela ;
Malarstig, Anders ;
Green, Fiona R. ;
Lathrop, Mark ;
Gigante, Bruna ;
Leander, Karin ;
de Faire, Ulf ;
Seedorf, Udo ;
Hamsten, Anders ;
Collins, Rory ;
Watkins, Hugh ;
Farrall, Martin .
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, 2009, 361 (26) :2518-2528
[9]  
Erqou S, 2009, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V302, P412, DOI 10.1001/jama.2009.1063
[10]   Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel [J].
Ference, Brian A. ;
Ginsberg, Henry N. ;
Graham, Ian ;
Ray, Kausik K. ;
Packard, Chris J. ;
Bruckert, Eric ;
Hegele, Robert A. ;
Krauss, Ronald M. ;
Raal, Frederick J. ;
Schunkert, Heribert ;
Watts, Gerald F. ;
Boren, Jan ;
Fazio, Sergio ;
Horton, Jay D. ;
Masana, Luis ;
Nicholls, Stephen J. ;
Nordestgaard, Borge G. ;
van de Sluis, Bart ;
Taskinen, Marja-Riitta ;
Tokgozoglu, Lale ;
Landmesser, Ulf ;
Laufs, Ulrich ;
Wiklund, Olov ;
Stock, Jane K. ;
Chapman, M. John ;
Catapano, Alberico L. .
EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL, 2017, 38 (32) :2459-2472