Solid-phase rapid synthesis of hierarchical UiO-type metal-organic frameworks as excellent solid acid catalysts for acetalization of benzaldehyde with alcohol

Functionalized metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been used in a wide range of applications. Although the development of functionalized MOFs with plentiful open metal sites (defects) provides an avenue for targeted reactions, creating such defects remains challenging. Herein, a UiO-type MOF with hierarchical porosity and plentiful Zr-OH/OH2 sites (capping 35% Zr coordination sites) was synthesized within 40 min by a solid-phase synthesis route without the use of solvent and template. The optimal sample converted 5.7 mmol benzaldehyde to (dimethoxymethyl)benzene within 2 min at 25 degrees C. The turnover frequency number and activity per unit mass reached 2380 h(-1) and 8568 mmol g(-1) h(-1), respectively, outperforming all previously reported catalysts at room temperature. This excellent catalytic activity was correlated with the defect density in functionalized UiO-66(Zr) and the accessibility of plentiful Zr-OH/OH2 sites as acid sites.