Recent Advancement of Electrically Rechargeable Di-Trivalent Metal-Air Batteries for Future Mobility

Metal-air batteries offer high power densities, environmental friendliness, long lifetimes, and availability compared to lithium-ion batteries, making them ideal for sustainable energy storage in electric cars and grid applications. However, carbon-rich fuel-powered automobiles are the largest contributors to global emissions, making sustainable transportation solutions crucial. Aligned with this, electric vehicles are gaining attention due to high oil prices, climate change concerns, and government taxation. The market is expected to remain dynamic in the coming decades, with costs dwindling. Hence, pure electric vehicles, powered by rechargeable battery packs, are the panacea for the challenges we are currently facing to mitigate climate change due to the combustion of conventional fuels. Additionally, battery technologies are advancing, easing consumer concerns about range-cursing anxiety and safety, but they still face issues with metal anodes, electrolytes, and air cathodes. This review examines the current status of divalent (Mg) and trivalent (Al) metal-air battery applications for electric mobility, focusing on cyclability, cruising range, lifespan, safety, and discharge and charging rate. The review also discusses potential remedies and future research prospects.