Maximizing techno-economic-environmental benefits of renewable energy allocation with smart inverter in distribution system: a two-layer stochastic optimization framework

The rapid proliferation of renewable energy sources (RES), such as photovoltaic (PV) generation and wind generation, poses severe challenges to distribution systems. Their intermittent nature leads to voltage profile deterioration and significant losses. Allocating RES with a smart inverter is a promising solution to address these issues. This study introduces an integrated two-layer stochastic optimization framework for RES allocation with a smart inverter in active distribution networks, aiming for techno-economic-environmental benefits. The methodology comprises a lower and upper-layer optimization model representing decisions at operational and planning levels, respectively. Additionally, the effect of volt ampere reactive (VAR) control and demand response (DR) on RES allocation with a smart inverter is investigated. A multi-level improved chimp optimization algorithm (IChOA) solver is developed to handle the nonlinear mixed-integer programming issue. The suggested methodology is validated on the IEEE 119-bus radial distribution system and the Practical System Indian 52-bus system. The assessment's findings reveal the significance of the stochastic methodology, achieving a 48.18% and 45.95% reduction in total cost for the IEEE 119-bus radial distribution system and the Practical System Indian 52-bus system, respectively. The proposed methodology offers a promising approach to effectively and efficiently manage RES integration into distribution systems.