deepGBLUP: joint deep learning networks and GBLUP framework for accurate genomic prediction of complex traits in Korean native cattle

Background Genomic prediction has become widespread as a valuable tool to estimate genetic merit in animal and plant breeding. Here we develop a novel genomic prediction algorithm, called deepGBLUP, which integrates deep learning networks and a genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) framework. The deep learning networks assign marker effects using locally-connected layers and subsequently use them to estimate an initial genomic value through fully-connected layers. The GBLUP framework estimates three genomic values (additive, dominance, and epistasis) by leveraging respective genetic relationship matrices. Finally, deepGBLUP predicts a final genomic value by summing all the estimated genomic values.Results We compared the proposed deepGBLUP with the conventional GBLUP and Bayesian methods. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed deepGBLUP yields state-of-the-art performance on Korean native cattle data across diverse traits, marker densities, and training sizes. In addition, they show that the proposed deepGBLUP can outperform the previous methods on simulated data across various heritabilities and quantitative trait loci (QTL) effects.Conclusions We introduced a novel genomic prediction algorithm, deepGBLUP, which successfully integrates deep learning networks and GBLUP framework. Through comprehensive evaluations on the Korean native cattle data and simulated data, deepGBLUP consistently achieved superior performance across various traits, marker densities, training sizes, heritabilities, and QTL effects. Therefore, deepGBLUP is an efficient method to estimate an accurate genomic value. The source code and manual for deepGBLUP are available at .