Doping and sports endocrinology: Growth hormone, IGF-1, insulin, and erythropoietin

Among the substances prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency, "peptide hor-mones, growth factors, related substances , mimetics" are classified as prohibited both in-and out-of-competition in section S2. This work reviews growth hormone , its releasing peptides, insulin-like growth factor 1 as the main growth factor, insulin, and erythropoietin and other agents that affect erythropoiesis. This review analyzes the prevalence of use among professional athletes and gym clients, the forms of use, dosing, ergogenic effects and effects on physical performance, as well as side effects and anti-doping detection methods.& COPY; 2023 Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U.