From cultural citizenship to suspect citizenship: Notes on rethinking full societal inclusion

Based on past and current ethnographic research and interviews with ethnic minorities in the Parisian metropolitan region, I argue that despite France's colorblind and Republican ethos, France's "visible minorities" function under a "suspect citizenship" in which their full societal belonging is never granted. I focus on the growing problem of state violence against ethnic minorities which reveals how France is creating a "bright boundary" (Alba 2005) between whites and non-whites, furthering disparate outcomes based on race and ethnic origin. By considering the multifaceted dimensions of citizenship and belonging in France, I demonstrate the limitations of full societal inclusion for France's non-white denizens and how French Republicanism continues to mark, rather than erase, racial and ethnic distinctions.