Improving access to eye care in low and middle-income countries - challenges, opportunities, and the way forward

Introduction: Vision loss is a public health challenge adversely affecting over a billion people worldwide. Low and middle income countries (LMICs) have a disproportionately higher prevalence of vision loss compared to high-income countries. Over 80% of vision loss can be addressed with either spectacles or cataract surgery. Both of these interventions are low cost and cost effective. Despite this, several barriers prevent individuals from accessing eye care.Areas covered: This paper covers various elements of access (approachability, acceptability, affordability, availability and appropriateness) and presents barriers that prevent access to eye care services in LMICs. Disease-specific barriers and various models and strategies that address the accessibility challenges are presented with a special reference to the use of technology to improve access.Expert opinion: Strategies such as providing free eye care, lowering direct and indirect costs, improve access to cataract surgery. While access-related challenges related to cataract surgery are well studied, there is inadequate information on access to refraction services for refractive errors and other conditions. Future research can focus on addressing this information gap. This can then help develop strategies to address the burden of uncorrected refractive errors and other causes of vision loss and contribute towards achieving universal eye health coverage.Search strategy used: A literature search was carried out to identify the relevant articles reporting barriers to seeking eye care in the Medline, CINHAL and PsycINFO databases between 20 and 27 May 2023. From this search, the relevant articles were shortlisted for data extraction.