Advanced glycation end products measured by skin autofluorescence and subclinical cardiovascular disease: the Rotterdam Study

BackgroundAdvanced glycation end products (AGEs) have been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially coronary heart disease (CHD), but their role in CVD pathogenesis remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated cross-sectional associations of skin AGEs with subclinical atherosclerosis, arterial stiffness, and hypertension after confirming their relation with CHD.MethodsIn the population-based Rotterdam Study, skin AGEs were measured as skin autofluorescence (SAF). Prevalent MI was obtained from digital medical records. Carotid plaques, carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), coronary artery calcification (CAC), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and hypertension were assessed. Associations of SAF with endophenotypes were investigated in logistic and linear regression models adjusting for common cardiovascular risk factors. Effect modification by sex, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) was tested.Results3001 participants were included (mean age 73 (SD 9) years, 57% women). One unit higher SAF was associated with the presence of carotid plaques (OR 1.2 (0.92, 1.57)), a higher max IMT (0.08 SD (0.01, 0.15)), higher CAC (OR 2.2 (1.39, 3.48)), and PWV (0.09 SD (0.01, 0.16)), but not with hypertension (OR 0.99 (0.81, 1.21)). The associations with endophenotypes were more pronounced in men and participants with diabetes or CKD with significant interactions.ConclusionsPreviously documented associations between SAF and CVD, also found in our study, may be explained by the endophenotypes atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness, especially in men and individuals with diabetes or CKD, but not by hypertension. Longitudinal studies are needed to replicate these findings and to test if SAF is an independent risk factor or biomarker of CVD.Trial registration: The Rotterdam Study has been entered into the Netherlands National Trial Register (NTR; www.trialregister.nl) and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP; www.who.int/ictrp/network/primary/en/) under shared catalogue number NTR6831.ConclusionsPreviously documented associations between SAF and CVD, also found in our study, may be explained by the endophenotypes atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness, especially in men and individuals with diabetes or CKD, but not by hypertension. Longitudinal studies are needed to replicate these findings and to test if SAF is an independent risk factor or biomarker of CVD.Trial registration: The Rotterdam Study has been entered into the Netherlands National Trial Register (NTR; www.trialregister.nl) and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP; www.who.int/ictrp/network/primary/en/) under shared catalogue number NTR6831.