Economic Freedom, Ownership Structure, and SME Financial Fragility: Evidence from an Emerging Economy

This paper examines the impact of economic freedom on the financial fragility of 1,496 non-financial SMEs in Vietnam over the period 2012-2020. We also evaluate the effect of ownership structure on the relationship between economic freedom and financial fragility. Our findings provide evidence that an increase in the degree of aggregated economic freedom and its categories - rule of law, regulatory efficiency, and market openness - help firms reduce the level of financial fragility. However, an increased government size tends to worsen their financial risk. Regarding the impact of ownership, our results reveal that greater rule of law, regulatory efficiency, and market openness have a positive influence on foreign-owned firms, enabling them to maintain lower levels of financial fragility compared to non-foreign-owned firms. However, foreign-owned firms experience a higher level of financial fragility relative to domestically private-owned firms due to increased government size. Furthermore, our analysis indicates that there is no difference in the effect of economic freedom on financial fragility between state-owned and non-state-owned firms in Vietnam. This finding has implications for recognizing the importance of foreign ownership and economic freedom in emerging markets. It also encourages foreign shareholders to design appropriate policies to mitigate financial risk.