Weather and climate data for energy applications

Weather information plays a critical role in energy applications - from designing and planning to the management and maintenance of building energy systems, renewable energy applications, and smart utility grids. This research examines weather and climate data for energy applications, covering their sources, generation, implementation, and forecasting. Drivers for the use of weather data, data acquisition methods, and parameter characteristics, as well as their impact on energy applications, are critically reviewed. The study also analyses weather data availability from 32 commonly used online sources, considering their cost, features, and resolution. A comprehensive weather data classification is developed based on measurement type, information period, data resolution, and time horizon. The findings indicate that real-time local weather data with high temporal resolution is crucial for optimal energy management and accurate forecasting of energy and environmental behaviours. However, limitations and uncertainties exist in weather data from online sources, particularly for developing countries, due to the limited spatio-temporal coverage.